Abstract Ad-hoc networking is a concept in computer communications, which means that users wanting to communicate with each other form a temporary network, without any form of centralized administration. Each node participating in the network acts both as host and a router and must therefore be willing to forward packets for other nodes.In a multi-hop wireless packet network, a packet traverses more than one wireless link in traveling from its source to its destination. Such wireless networks have received considerable attention recently in the context of ad hoc networks. Ad-Hoc networks are self-organizing multi-hop wireless networks where not all links along the path of a packet can be activated simultaneously. Hence the performance of a higher level mechanism, such as congestion window or Transport Layer protocol (TCP) will depend crucially on how the links are scheduled for transmission. In multiple access networks, such as the IEEE802.11 wireless LAN, the scheduling of transmissions is done by the medium access control (MAC) protocol. This transmission scheduling is completely unaware of the needs of the TCP congestion window protocol. This thesis is concerned with the poor interaction between the TCP adaptive window protocol, the IEEE 802.11 MAC protocol, and the IEEE 802.11 Ad-Hoc routing protocol. Our thesis follow on the work done by the researchers K. Nahm and C. Kuo in the paper entitled “TCP over 802.11 Multihop networks issues and Performance Enhancement” [1]. Our contributions are two-fold. First we have repeated and confirmed the simulation results reported by K.Nahm and C.Kuo using NS-2 network simulator. Second we have introduced a simple modification in the 802.11 DSR routing protocol which reduces the unnecessary VI reroutings triggered by MAC packet collisions and enforces the TCP to enter the fast retransmit / fast recovery phase to quickly recover the packet loses. This modification has been simulated using NS-2 network simulator and from the results we have found that it provides a substantial improvement in TCP performance in the situations that we have considered in the simulation models
يحي الشارف المبروك (2009)

Abstract Wireless local area networks (WLANs) have been rapidly developed in recent years. It is used for various applications. VoWLAN, which transmits VoIP data over WLANs, shows its amazing attraction and constitutes one of the most flourishing applications nowadays in WLANs. One of Wireless Local Area Networks (WLAN) main drawbacks, when compared to wired networks, is that WLANs are less predictable and efficient. Wireless physical medium is harder to be controlled than physical wire. WLAN medium is also unlicensed, and thus susceptible to interferences produced by other devices. Therefore, great effort is being done in order to obtain Quality of Service (QoS) in real-time voice communications using WLANs. This topic has opened plenty of new research lines to upgrade current WLAN standards. In this thesis, a study is carried out for the behavior of new Medium Access Control (MAC) protocols defined in IEEE 802.11e draft standard Enhanced Distributed coordination function EDCF as well as for its subsequent modified versions. The Adaptive Enhanced Distributed coordination function AEDCF, designed to support QoS when providing voice communication services between stations in WLAN. Also presents experimental results obtained from simulations, and compare our results with simulations made using IEEE 802.11 standard MAC. The simulation work was done using NS-2 simulator, with the addition of specific modules for 802.11e. A performance comparison is carried out between the modified MAC scheme and IEEE standard MAC scheme, using Experimental simulation models. It is found that the adaptive technique method not only increases the medium utilization ratio and lowers the collision rate by more than 50%, but also enhances vii the overall throughput by around 20% compared with the basic IEEE 802.11DCF technique.
حسين ابراهيم ازويه (2010)

تشكيل و محاكاة الفوتونية الألياف البصرية تعتبر البلورات الفوتونية من أھم مجالات البحت في الوقت الحاضر، وتعرف على أنھا بنيات دورية في أوساط كھرومغناطيسية مصنعة من مواد لھا معاملات سماحية مختلفة . ينتج عن ھذه البنيات ما يعرف بفجوات النطاق الفوتونية بحيث تمنع الموجات ذات الترددات الواقعة في ھذه الفجوة من الانتشار في التراكيب . ينتج عن ھذه الفجوات الفوتونية العديد من الخصائص التي يمكن الاستفادة منھا خاصة في مجال البصريات . تشكيل و محاكاة البلورات الفوتونية لغرض فھم خصائصھا المميزة يمكننا من تصميم أجھزة تعتمد في تكوينھا على ال الفوتونية فجوات . فعلى سبيل المثال ھذه الأجھزة، تشمل التجاويف الدقيقة ذات معامل الخطية (Q) جودة ذات (linear waveguide) عال، ودلائل الموجات ودلائل موجات العالية الكفاءة ضوئية (highly efficient sharp bend) بانحناءات حادة وبعض المرشحات تعتبر الأجھزة التي تعتمد في تكوينھا على البلورات الفوتونية في بعدين على أنھا المرشح الأكبر لتطوير مايعرف بالدوائر الضوئية المتكاملة. وتشمل العوامل التي تؤثر في تكوين الفجوات الترددية التركيب الابتدائي للخلية، والفرق بين للت معاملات السماحية للمواد المكونة ركيب و الدرات ، شكل وكذ ، الك النسبة بين حجم الدرات إلى الحجم الكلي للخلية. و الفوتونية البلورات ھي ع عبارة عن اكسات ضوئية مثالية تمنع الموجات الضوئية التي لھا ترددات واقعة في مدى فجوة النطاق للبلورة من الانتشار خلالھا، مما يمكننا من التحكم في الضوء وذالك بإحداث خلل في دورية البلورة , حيت الموجة المحصورة في ھدا الخلل لا يمكنھا الانتشار في التركيب لأنھا واقعة في فجوة النطاق للبلورة, من أھم طرق إحداث الخلل التي يمكن إنشاؤھا في البلورة مايعرف بالخلل النقطي و الخلل الخطي اللذان يعملان على تيسير تصميم العديد من الأجھزة الكھرومغناطيسية والتي تختلف في خصائصھا على الأجھزة الاعتيادية. تعتبر الألياف البصرية الفوتونية من أھم تطبيقات البل ورات الفوتونية لما لھا من خصائص غير موجودة في الألياف البصرية العادية فعلى سبيل المثال تشتغل ھذه الألياف بسريان نمط واحد في مدى واسع من الأطوال الموجية و كذالك إمكانية التحكم في التشتت اللوني للضوء والحصول على تشتت مسطح على مدى واسع من الأطوال الموجية .محا كاة الألياف البصرية الفوتونية يساعدنا على فھم آلية انتشار الأنماط الكھرومغناطيسية الألياف ومناطق التشغيل المختلفة لھذه الالياف. Abstract Modeling And Simulation Of Photonic Crystal Optical FIBER WAVEGUIDE Photonic Crystals Are Periodic Electromagnetic Media That Can Be Used In Microwave And Optical Wavelength Scale. They Possess Photonic Band Gaps (Pbgs) That Inhibit The Existence Of Light Within The Crystals In Certain Wavelength Range. Such Band Gaps Produce Many Interesting Optical Phenomenal Leading To The Integration Of Optical And Electronic Devices Using Standard Manufacturing Techniques. Modeling And Simulation Of These Periodic Structures To Understand Their Fine Characteristics Enable Us To Design Photonic Crystal Based Devices. Examples Of Devices Studied Include High-Q Micro-Cavities And Linear Waveguides. Twodimensional PBG Planar Devices Are Ideal Candidates For Novel Dense Optical Integrated Circuits. Several Material And Structural Parameters Are Found To Affect The Band Gap. These Include The Lattice Geometry, Dielectric Constants Contrast, 'Atom' Shape And A Filling Ratio. Photonic Band Gap Devices Are Perfect Omni-Directional Mirrors. Light Can Be Controlled In Order To Be Confined Only In The Defect Region Surrounded By These Materials. Among Various Designs Of Defects, Point Defects And Linear Defects Are The Two Basic Forms That Are Most Important. It Was Found That Point Defects Can Form Resonator Centers Of Very High Quality Factors, Whereas Line Defects Can Form Linear Waveguides In Low/High Index Material. Highly Efficient Energy Transfer Occurs Between Defect Modes. Using The Multipole Method, We Investigated In Some Detail The Photonic Crystal Fiber PCF Dispersion And Loss Properties, And Developed Better PCF Designs With Low Confinement Losses And Ultra-Flattened Dispersion On A Wide Wavelength Range.
بلعيد محمد خالد (2009)