Abstract Seven geological sections have been examined and sampled with emphasis on sedimentological & diagenetic processes within Abu Ghaylan Formation and the contact relationships with the underlying Abu Shaybah and overlying Kiklah Formations. Based on current detailed field loggings and microscope investigations, 10 facies are recognized within Abu Ghaylan Formation. The lowermost succession characterised by an overall transition from continental fluvially dominated deposits of the Abu Shaybah Formation into transitional to marginal marine, tidal flat deposits of the Abu Ghaylan Formation upward. The transitional nature of this lowermost part succession is demonstrated by interbeddings of claystone, sandstone and fossiliferous facies arranging in coarsening up cycle, in which most probably deposited in estuary / beach environment.The Abu Ghaylan Formation generally wedges laterally eastward and exposes intermittently east of Wadi Ghan area resulting of syngenetic uplift of Wadi Ghan area followed by erosion (ElHinnawy & Cheshitev, 1975). A slightly earlier uplift and greater erosion in a westward sloping basin of deposition near the close of the Early Jurassic and Early Cretaceous times is suggested by Fatmi & Sbeta (1991). The current study reveals that several exposure surfaces are demonstrated within Abu Ghaylan Formation suggesting uplifting and erosion episodes interrupted Abu Ghaylan Formation, where a restricted distribution of Abu Ghaylan may suggest a local tectonic overprint.Although the overall impression is that the base beds of Kiklah Formation starts with sandstone and red clay beds as channel infill deposits above Abu Ghaylan carbonate unit with surface of unconformity, however, based on current close investigation, a sequence characterized by interbeddings of carbonate and greenish clay overlying Abu Ghaylan Formation with surface of unconformity and gradationally overlain by sandstone beds should be introduced as separate unit attributes to Kiklah Formation.The current study emphasizes and supports a solution collapse origin for the breccias and introduces better insight into architecture and geomorphology of the breccias bodies that are exposed in the area of study. The dissolution of evaporites is considered responsible for all breccias development in this stratigraphic interval. According to the occurrence mode of breccias, the breccias intervals have been divided into two main parts; a lower section of strata that contains collapsed paleocaves and an upper section of strata that is deformed to varying degrees due to the collapse and compaction of the section of paleocave-bearing strata. The sharp flat base, inverse grading, V-shaped/ sag structures and irregular undulating top of brecciated bodies are recognized within Abu Ghaylan Formation and typically characterize solution collapse processes. Based on field study and architecture relationships, five distinctive karst facies are recognized in the area of study.The early diagenetic genetically related processes probably interrupted the deposition of Abu Ghaylan Formation is a most possible assumption for the origin and timing of breccias formation.
أحمد أبوبكر الحلو (2015)

"أجريت أربعة تجارب لدراسة تحمل كل من الحزاز الكبدي Riccia sorocarpa والحزاز القائم Funaria hygrometrica للجفاف، حيث جمعت العينات من مدينة طرابلس (مشتل الجديدة) وكذلك من منطقة جادو (العين الزرقاء)، ونظفت النباتات بعناية لإجراء التجارب عليها. أوضحت نتائج هذه الدراسة أن كلا من النباتين يزيد امتصاصهما للماء كلما تزيدات نسبة الرطوبة ، إذ نجد أن أعلى كمية ممتصة من الماء ، كانت عند نسبة رطوبة 100% متبوعاً ب 90% ثم 80% على التوالي ، وأن قدرة هذه النباتات على امتصاص الماء تحت رطوبة نسبية منخفضة كان ضعيفاً ، وذلك لعدم قدرتها على زيادة مساحة أوراقها وتمددها ، لانه فى هذه الحالة كانت الرطوبة غير كافية ، أما عندما زادت كمية الرطوبة عند 100% ، 90%، 80% كانت كافية لامتداد أوراقها وزيادة مساحتها ، ولذلك نجد ما تمتصه من الماء تحت الرطوبة العالية يساوى أضعاف ما تمتصه تحت الرطوبة المنخفضة .الحزازيات التى تنمو فى المناطق المعتدلة من ليبيا ، تعاني من مشاكل عدم تكرار هطول الأمطار ، مما يسبب فى انخفاض الرطوبة النسبية ، وبالتالي بينت نتائج هذه الدراسة أيضا أن Riccia sorocarpa هي من حزازيات المناطق المعتدلة كان محتواها المائي 20% عند رطوبة نسبية 50% ، وأن Funaria hygrometrica وهي أيضاً من حزازيات المناطق المعتدلة محتواها المائي كان 30% تحت رطوبة نسبية 70% ، وبدأت في الجفاف بعد ذلك بسرعة تحت معدلات من الرطوبة النسبية المنخفضة 30- 50% ولكنها تستطيع إعادة نشاطها إذا ما بللت بالماء ، أو بماء المطر من جديد. أظهرت نتائج هذا البحث أيضاً أن الإجهاد المائي ( الجفاف ) أدى إلى زيادة تركيز حامض البرولين في الحزاز القائم F. hygrometrica عنه عند توفر الرطوبة ، بالتالي فإن هذا النبات عندما يرتفع فيه تركيز الحامض بمستوى أعلى يكون أكثر مقدرة على مقاومة الجفاف والنمو .وكذلك أظهرت نتائج هذه الدراسة أيضا أن النسب العالية والمنخفضة من الرطوبة النسبية أثرت على تركيز العناصر الصغرى والكبرى والثقيلة في نبات F. hygrometrica ، حيث تبين أن التركيز الأعلى للعنصر كان عند مستوى 0% و 30% رطوبة ، و التركيز الأقل للعنصر كان عند مستوى 70% و 100% رطوبة. Abstrcat Four experiments were carried out on drought tolerance of Riccia sorocarpa and Funaria hygrometrica collected From Tripoli (Al-Jadida Arboretum), and from jadu (Alain Al-Zarqa), the specimens were cleaned carefully. The results showed that water absorption is positively correlated with humidity, the maximum water absorption was noted at 100% relative humidity, followed by 90% and 80 %,respectively.The results also showed that the ability of absorption was decreased under low relative humidity because the plants were unable to increase the leaf surface area under insufficient humidity conditions, while at high humidity, the plants were able to increase their leaf surface area, and then the amount of water absorbed under high humidity, was many times more than the amount of water absorbed under low humidity.Liverworts that grow in temperate habitats in Libya suffer from infrequent rain fall which resulting low humidity, that why water content of Riccia sorocarpa was 20 % at 50 % relative humidity, and in Funaria hygrometrica was 30 % at 70 % relative humidity, and started to dry dramatically under 30 – 50 % relative humidity, but it were able to resume their growth when welted or if re-rained again. The results also showed that drought led to an increase in concentration of the prolic acid in F. hygrometrica,whin the relative humidity was there.Thus, this plant when it raises higher level of concentration of the acid it will be to be more resistant to drought.The results of this study also found that the high and low rates of relative humidity affected on the concentration of macro-and micro elements, and heavy metals in F. hygrometrica, it was found that the highest concentration of the element was at 0% and 30% moisture, and the lowest concentration was at 70% and 100% humidity."
نادية سليمان حامد طلوز (2013)

Thin films of pure ZnO have been prepared on glass substrate using the Sol–Gel spin coating technique. Transmittance and absorbance spectra have been measured by using double beam UV-Visible 1800 spectrophotometer in the wavelength range (300-800)nm. It was found that the absorbance decreases with increasing the wavelength, while the transmittance increases with rising the wavelength. The transmittance exceeds 90% in the visible light region and in the near-infrared. The obtained results have shown that intrinsic ZnO is a semiconductor of wide optical energy band gap estimated to be 3.33eV. Furthermore, some optical properties and optical constants have been calculated from absorption and transmission measurements such as absorption coefficient, Urbach energy, extinction coefficient, refractive index and dielectric constant. arabic 12 English 63
Fawzeia Khamis(8-2020)