Abstract The search for a reliable source of energy has been a challanging task to manking while conventional energy resorces are diminishing nuclear fusion, especially laser fusion, promises to be the source of the future. Experimental costs in laser fusion are astronomical and computer modeling drastically minimizes such costs and gives a chance for less fortunate Gauntries to gain insight into the scientific and technical aspects of the subject since a large portion of information involved is classified. This work deals with the spatial and temporal evolution of the laser fusion produced by different laser pulses It is based on a computer code called MEDUSA which takes into account the variation in the wavelength, power density pulse duration, target geometry and material. It assumes a target which is divided into 20 cells each of 24 urn width. Inverse-Bremsstrahlung and resonance absorption are the two main mechanisms responsible for absorption of energy from the incident laser pulse. Fusion takes place in the plasma as a result of ablation of the plasma corona where the formed shock waves compress the plasma cells and heat them. The rate of energy deposited into and radiated from the plasma ,which causes variation of the plasma internal energy, is expressed by the energy equation. This equation is transformed into a finite difference form and solved by Gauss Elimination Method to calculate the plasma parameters such as electron(T e) and ion ternperatures(Ti), pressure(P) and density(p) and the different processes of energy absorption and losses. The temporal evolution of these parameters is studied through the divisions of the pulse into chosen time steps at which the evolution is clear. The results have shown that by increasing laser power the energy deposited into and radiated from the plasma increases. The electron and ion temperatures the plasma pressure and density also increase. This is because of the geadual propagation of the shock wave from the surface of the pellet towards its center causing compression of the plasma cells. The optimum value of such parameters are obtained close to the end of the pulse where the incident laser power is maximum and so as the energy deposited into the plasma center where heating and compression causes the consumption of the whole target After the end of the pulse duration, the plasma cells coordinates expand and the plasma parameters decrease, a process known as diminishing of the plasma The effect of the laser parameters of four diffterent lasers namely CO2, KrF, Nd-glass and Ruby of 5ns, 15ns and 45ns pulse duration was studied. It was found that: (1) the maximum value of the plasma parameters decrease by increasing the pulse duration of a certain power and wavelength, (2) the maximum value of the plasma parameters increase by increasing the wavelength because of increasing the energy deposited into the plasma by resonance absorption process. At the optimum implosion time, the plasma parameters show a strong spatial variation. However, a strong temporal variation of the plasma parameters was observed at the pellet center.
هناء محمد حسن موسي (1994)

تم في هذه الدراسة استنباط علاقة لحساب مستويات الطاقة الدورانية للحالة الأرضية للنوى الشفعية شفعية even-even المشوهة، وذلك اعتماداً على صيغة بوهر متلسون التجريبية بالإضافة إلى معاملة عزم القصور الذاتي كمتغير في البرم النووي، وذلك باعتبار أن النواة تتمتع بشيء من الليونة كما ورد بدراسة غبتا Gupta. أظهرت نتائج حساباتنا تطابقاً جيداً مقارنة مع نماذج أخرى، حيث استخدمت هذه القيم المحسوبة في حساب عزمي القصور الذاتي الكينماتيكي والديناميكي ورسم سلوك كلاً منهما مع مربع السرعة الزاوية والذي بيّن تغير سلوك بعض النوى في حالات البرم العالية نسبياً، كما يشير ذلك إلى تقارب جيد من القيم التجريبية بالمقارنة مع دراسات سابقة.
عبد الرحيم الطاهر عمر علي (2014)

Abstrac The equivalence relation has many important uses in the development of Mathematics. Including what is known and some are used in research and new Studie The aim of this study is to highlight some of the applications of equivalence relations in important fields such as the development of a semi-metric space (seminorm) to a metric space (normed space) as well as some of the uses of equivalence relations in measure theory, particularly in the definition of important spaces such as. In addition, there are important applications in algebra particularly in group theory and matrices. As well as in information and rough sets. Equivalence relations may identify somewhat singular points and their Equivalence class as a single point in the quotient space. The importance of equivalence relations is unlimited. For instance, whenever an incomplete metric or normed space is constructed in applied or the theoretical science, the equivalence relations shows that there is a complete space which is the closure of the incomplete space. Precise statement and illustrations are included.
امل عبد الله طربان (2015)