Abstract In this thesis, we study different numerical methods used to solve ordinary differential equations of the first and second orders and where related important definitions are given . We will concentrate first on Differential Equations of the first order and the truncation errors which are derived for various methods and those compared with the expected errors , whenever possible . Two applications were given in science of biology and physics which were studied in details . Finally we draw our attention to ordinary differential equations of the second order where we study initial-value problems and boundary-value problems with the application of the wellknown numerical procedures :the shooting method and the finite difference method . The important conclusion we came up with is that the truncation error is always greater than the expected error for all methods used, and this which was expected .
عفاف احمد الجطلاوي (2014)

Abstrac The equivalence relation has many important uses in the development of Mathematics. Including what is known and some are used in research and new Studie The aim of this study is to highlight some of the applications of equivalence relations in important fields such as the development of a semi-metric space (seminorm) to a metric space (normed space) as well as some of the uses of equivalence relations in measure theory, particularly in the definition of important spaces such as. In addition, there are important applications in algebra particularly in group theory and matrices. As well as in information and rough sets. Equivalence relations may identify somewhat singular points and their Equivalence class as a single point in the quotient space. The importance of equivalence relations is unlimited. For instance, whenever an incomplete metric or normed space is constructed in applied or the theoretical science, the equivalence relations shows that there is a complete space which is the closure of the incomplete space. Precise statement and illustrations are included.
امل عبد الله طربان (2015)

في البحث قمنا بدراسة نوع من الهندسة اللاقليدية وتسمى هندسة ريمن أو كما تسمى بالهندسة الناقصة مع تطبيقاتها في عديد المجالات ، و أساس هذه الهندسة عدم وجود توازي بين المستقيمات في السطوح الكروية ،و تقر هذه الهندسة بتقاطع المستقيمات فقط وهو نقد للمسلمة الخامسة بالذات في هندسة اقليديس ففي الفصل الأول وضعنا تمهيدا لعدة موضوعات واجهتنا بحيث غطى إلى حد ما هذه المسلمات و المفاهيم الأخرى من خلال النظريات و النتائج التي قمنا بدراستها و التي تتعامل مع السطح الكروي وهذا يعتبر نموذج مثالي لهندسة ريمن.وفى الفصول الأخيرة قمنا بدراسة المثلث الكروي العام و حل جميع المثلثات الكروية الأخرى التي لها علاقة وطيدة بهندسة ريمن و ذلك بتطبيق قاعدتي نابير وهفرساين.واستخدمنا طرق عديدة لحل المثلث الارضى الذي يعتبر من أهم التطبيقات لهذه الهندسة و غيرها من المثلثات المشهورة. Abstract In this study, we studied one of non-Euclidean geometry “Riemannian geometry” with its applications, the basic of Riemannian geometry is the no parallel assumption. We illustrated the difference between Riemannian geometry and Euclid’s geometry by some outcomes and results; we also discussed methods of solution of any spherical triangle. Also, we studied some methods of solving general spherical triangles; we used this methods of solving the terrestrial triangle, which one of the main applications of spherical trigonometry pertains to marine, and air navigation over large areas.
سعاد محمد انجاح (2010)